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Ancient
Origins "Halloween's origins date back to
the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain (pronounced sow-in). The Celts, who lived
2,000 years ago in the area that is now Ireland, the United Kingdom, and
northern France, celebrated their new year on November 1. This day marked the
end of summer and the harvest and the beginning of the dark, cold winter, a time
of year that was often associated with human death. Celts believed that on the
night before the new year, the boundary between the worlds of the living and the
dead became blurred. On the night of October 31, they celebrated Samhain, when
it was believed that the ghosts of the dead returned to earth. In addition to
causing trouble and damaging crops, Celts thought that the presence of the
otherworldly spirits made it easier for the Druids, or Celtic priests, to make
predictions about the future. For a people entirely dependent on the volatile
natural world, these prophecies were an important source of comfort and
direction during the long, dark winter.
To commemorate the event, Druids built huge sacred bonfires, where the people
gathered to burn crops and animals as sacrifices to the Celtic deities. During
the celebration, the Celts wore costumes, typically consisting of animal heads
and skins, and attempted to tell each other's fortunes. When the celebration was
over, they re-lit their hearth fires, which they had extinguished earlier that
evening, from the sacred bonfire to help protect them during the coming winter.
By A.D. 43, Romans had conquered the majority of Celtic territory. In the
course of the four hundred years that they ruled the Celtic lands, two festivals
of Roman origin were combined with the traditional Celtic celebration of
Samhain. The first was Feralia, a day in late October when the Romans
traditionally commemorated the passing of the dead. The second was a day to
honor Pomona, the Roman goddess of fruit and trees. The symbol of Pomona is the
apple and the incorporation of this celebration into Samhain probably explains
the tradition of "bobbing" for apples that is practiced today on Halloween.
By the 800s, the influence of Christianity had spread into Celtic lands. In
the seventh century, Pope Boniface IV designated November 1 All Saints' Day, a
time to honor saints and martyrs. It is widely believed today that the pope was
attempting to replace the Celtic festival of the dead with a related, but
church-sanctioned holiday. The celebration was also called All-hallows or
All-hallowmas (from Middle English Alholowmesse meaning All Saints' Day) and the
night before it, the night of Samhain, began to be called All-hallows Eve and,
eventually, Halloween. Even later, in A.D. 1000, the church would make November
2 All Souls' Day, a day to honor the dead. It was celebrated similarly to
Samhain, with big bonfires, parades, and dressing up in costumes as saints,
angels, and devils. Together, the three celebrations, the eve of All Saints',
All Saints', and All Souls', were called Hallowmas."
Source: History
Channel.com
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